Tanzania's Post-Election Governance Challenges: A Systemic Analysis

Introduction

In the wake of Tanzania's October 2025 general election, where President Samia Suluhu Hassan secured a sweeping victory with 97.66% of the vote, significant public unrest unfolded. This article examines the systemic issues underpinning the post-election scenario, emphasizing institutional dynamics rather than individual accountability. The election and its aftermath captured public and regulatory attention due to the scale of the protests and the security forces' response, which resulted in numerous casualties.

Background and Timeline

The Tanzanian general election of October 2025 was marked by President Hassan's formidable electoral success. However, questions surrounding electoral transparency and fairness sparked widespread discontent. The situation reached a boiling point on October 29th, when protests erupted nationwide. These demonstrations swiftly escalated, leading to confrontations between protesters and security forces. Reports of excessive force and live ammunition use emerged, underscoring the need for an examination of governance and institutional responses to public dissent.

Stakeholder Positions

The government, led by President Hassan, maintains that the election was free and fair, emphasizing the legitimacy of their mandate. However, opposition parties and civil society organizations have raised concerns about electoral irregularities and the subsequent heavy-handed security response. International observers have called for a thorough investigation, urging Tanzanian authorities to uphold democratic principles and human rights.

What Is Established

• President Samia Suluhu Hassan was re-elected in the October 2025 election with 97.66% of the vote.
• Significant protests erupted across Tanzania following the election results.
• Security forces were involved in managing the protests, resulting in casualties.
• The international community has expressed concern and called for investigations.

What Remains Contested

• The fairness and transparency of the October 2025 election process.
• The extent and legitimacy of the government's mandate.
• Allegations of excessive force used by security forces during protests.
• Potential bias in media reporting on the election and its aftermath.

Institutional and Governance Dynamics

The Tanzanian post-election situation highlights critical governance dynamics, including the interplay between electoral processes, public accountability, and security sector reforms. Institutional constraints, such as the balancing act between maintaining public order and upholding civil liberties, play a significant role. Additionally, the regulatory framework governing elections and public demonstrations requires scrutiny to ensure alignment with democratic norms. These dynamics underscore the importance of institutional reforms to enhance transparency, accountability, and trust in governance systems.

Regional Context

Tanzania's post-election unrest fits into a broader regional discourse on governance and democratic consolidation in Africa. The continent has witnessed similar challenges, where electoral outcomes often trigger public protests and international scrutiny. These dynamics are pivotal in shaping the regional stability and governance narrative, emphasizing the need for robust democratic institutions and practices to prevent conflict and foster development.

Forward-looking Analysis

Moving forward, Tanzania faces the task of addressing the root causes of post-election unrest through policy and institutional reforms. Strengthening electoral transparency, ensuring accountable security practices, and fostering inclusive political dialogue are critical steps. As the international community continues to engage with Tanzanian authorities, it becomes imperative for domestic governance systems to align with global democratic standards, promoting sustainable peace and development.